115) point out, “nearly all individuals with DS may be difficult to understand at least some of the time.” In addition, concomitant intellectual disability and/or limitations in language comprehension may additionally compromise the ability of individuals with DS to understand speech/language input ( Chapman, 2003). According to Kumin (1994), approximately 95% of parents of children with DS reported their children having difficulty being understood by persons outside their immediate social circle ( Kumin, 1994). The expressive speech of individuals with Down syndrome (DS) is often quite compromised, likely due to orofacial dysmorphologies such as a small oral cavity, dental issues, low muscle tone, and possible apraxia ( Kent & Vorperian, 2020 Kumin, 2006).
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